Categories of Unprotected Speech
Certain types of speech receive little to no First Amendment protection and may be restricted:
- Speech that directly advocates for illegal activity that is likely to occur in the immediate future.
- False statements that harm someone's reputation (libel is written, slander is spoken).
- Serious expressions of intent to commit an act of unlawful violence against a particular individual or group.
- Speech or material that is patently offensive and lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value.
- A specific and universally unprotected form of illegal content.
- Words that, when personally addressed to an individual, are likely to provoke a violent reaction.
- Lies specifically used for commercial gain or in illegal conduct.
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